Dean Jacobs proposed searching for adjectives that are commonly applied only to a single noun (or maybe two or three synonyms). Linguists call this sort of thing fixed colocation. Here are some examples:

• Ulterior (motive)
• Opposable (thumbs)
• Bleeding-heart (liberal)
• Double-barreled (shotgun)
• Vise-like (grip)
• Preconceived (notion)
• Unrequited (love)

Some examples are technical words, coined or specialized for a particular purpose:

• Nictitating (membrane)
• Diatomaceous (earth)
• Laminar (flow)
• Metamorphic/igneous/sedimentary (rock)
• Nondevelopable (surface)
• Prehensile (tail)
• Covalent (bond)
• Abelian (group)

Sometimes a cliche can provide a weak example:

• Erogenous (zone)
• Furtive (glance)
• Unwashed (masses)
• Harebrained (scheme)
• Untimely (end or death)
• New-car (smell)
• Insatiable (appetite, thirst, desire, lust)
• Voracious (appetite, reader)
• Brute (strength, force)
• Subliminal (message or advertising)

Some adverb examples:

• Hermetically (sealed)
• Polymorphously (perverse)
• Inextricably (intertwined, linked)
• Diametrically (opposed)

Please mail me if you disagree with any of these or have other suggestions.

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Mike O'Brien adds the following:

Interesting words, sort of in the same vein but not quite:

Tarmac, normally called asphalt, but at an airport it is tarmac.

Scudding: Seems to be a verb that only applies to clouds. Although I
once read that a ship could scud too.

Jut: A verb that applies to stationary, inanimate objects.